tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72221721793728208102024-03-06T14:57:29.236+08:00Tumbuhan Ubatan Popular MalaysiaPopular Medicinal Plants of MalaysiaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.comBlogger55125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-28471266404594771082013-10-08T23:49:00.000+08:002013-10-09T11:47:00.471+08:00Kacip Fatimah<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nama
saintifik : <i>Labisia pumila</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nama lain
: -</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kegunaan :
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Digunakan sebagai sebahagian daripada ramuan ubat periuk. Tanaman
ini juga digunakan untuk awet muda, menghalus dan menegangkan kulit, pencuci
rahim dan dalaman wanita, pewangi badan dan rawatan buasir.</span><br />
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-60385279676145819772011-04-16T14:38:00.001+08:002013-10-09T11:29:54.592+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 16. Pembungkusan danPenyimpanan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMdmG7ln5QdQW1lM4DjARSyocGYdAb1uYLkzaRnfbkIFdzSSJxhwQhHuMLmf-Oxr6hJeEnvEVSnuEu9wY0hnDCOJ8WQXqL3S1BBx1zdl1XsdmJM4AQc-H_JAcPo3RU135AGAY06ipW1sTf/s1600/IMG_4064.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMdmG7ln5QdQW1lM4DjARSyocGYdAb1uYLkzaRnfbkIFdzSSJxhwQhHuMLmf-Oxr6hJeEnvEVSnuEu9wY0hnDCOJ8WQXqL3S1BBx1zdl1XsdmJM4AQc-H_JAcPo3RU135AGAY06ipW1sTf/s320/IMG_4064.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tujuan pembungkusan dan penyimpanan yang sempurna adalah untuk memastikan kualiti bahan mentah terjaga dan tidak dijangkiti kulat serta bebas daripada serangan perosak. Penyimpanannya hendaklah dibuat dalam bekas yang bersesuaian untuk tujuan pengilangan atau pemprosesan. Penyimpanan secara pukal tidak digalakkan kerana kaedah ini lebih mudah terdedah kepada pencemaran dan serangan perosak. Beg plastik atau bekas kedap udara lebih sesuai digunakan. Bekas yang berisi bahan mentah hendaklah disimpan di tempat yang sejuk, jauh dari pancaran matahari dan mempunyai pengudaraan yang baik. Bagi penyimpanan dalam jangka masa yang lama, hendaklah dipastikan bahawa kandungan air dalam bahan mentah kekal di bawah 10%. Oleh itu, tahap kandungan air perlulah dipantau setiap dua atau tiga bulan sekali dan pengeringan semula mesti dilakukan sekiranya perlu.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0Kota Bharu Kota Bharu6.060902 102.295892tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-30530367738231724402011-04-16T08:46:00.006+08:002011-04-16T14:39:45.316+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 15. Pengeringan<link href="file://localhost/Users/MUSA-YAACOB/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0clip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link> <link href="file://localhost/Users/MUSA-YAACOB/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0clip_themedata.xml" rel="themeData"></link> <style>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjZ1UrmpUHQG1AAKdC7jE7FFzNj99znXGZI-U4SMN1o8EwGZ-o-daLBoBJQ5aOtoDmdPE7Lpv3D24vlXZT8dNTKFwK2kNZD90wYlq7A3HI5DHq9hMTRXU2V5tq2N4247wR31N27uPtwb2f/s1600/6+Solar+Drier+Linggi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjZ1UrmpUHQG1AAKdC7jE7FFzNj99znXGZI-U4SMN1o8EwGZ-o-daLBoBJQ5aOtoDmdPE7Lpv3D24vlXZT8dNTKFwK2kNZD90wYlq7A3HI5DHq9hMTRXU2V5tq2N4247wR31N27uPtwb2f/s320/6+Solar+Drier+Linggi.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></h3>Kebanyakan tumbuhan ubatan mempunyai kandungan air yang tinggi. Sehubungan dengan itu, pengeringan ke tahap kandungan air yang bersesuaian adalah penting bagi memastikan bahan mentah yang dihasilkan kekal baik lebih lama sebelum diproses selanjutnya. Pengeringan yang kurang sempurna akan menyebabkan bahan mentah mudah dijangkiti kulat dan seterusnya menjejaskan kualitinya. Mengikut kajian yang dijalankan, tahap kandungan air yang sesuai untuk penyimpanan yang lama ialah tidak melebihi 10%. <br />
Secara tradisi, masyarakat Melayu mengeringkan tumbuhan ubatan dengan menjemur di bawah matahari, dibiarkan kering di tempat teduh, di salai di atas bara api, disangai (goreng tanpa minyak) atau digoreng di dalam pasir panas. Bagi tujuan komersial, pengeringan dengan menggunakan cahaya matahari tidak sesuai kerana pancaran sinaran uv daripada matahari secara terus dikhuatiri boleh menjejaskan kandungan bahan bioaktif. Dalam pengeluaran secara komersial, kaedah pengeringan khusus disediakan untuk memastikan bahan mentah yang dihasilkan dapat dikeringkan dalam bentuk yang lebih banyak dan berterusan. Bagi memudahkan pengeringan, bahan tanaman yang besar (seperti tongkat ali, ubi jaga, pokok emas cotek dan kayu manis) dipotong kecil. <br />
Beberapa kaedah pengeringan untuk tujuan komersial adalah seperti berikut:<br />
<b>Pengeringan di bawah teduhan Gambar: tradisional drying </b><br />
Kaedah ini bersesuaian bagi tanaman yang mempunyai kandungan air yang rendah seperti pokok dukung anak dan boleh diamalkan oleh pengusaha yang menanam secara kecil-kecilan terutama sekali pada musim panas. Sistem ini tidak memerlukan infrastruktur khusus dan kos pengendaliannya juga murah. Tetapi prestasi pengeringan bergantung pada cuaca. <br />
<b>Pengeringan menggunakan rumah plastik </b><br />
Walaupun pengeringan menggunakan rumah plastik memerlukan struktur khusus, kos pengendaliannya murah. Berbanding dengan pengeringan di bawah teduhan, teknik pengeringan ini lebih cepat. Dalam sistem ini, bahan tumbuhan boleh didedahkan terus kepada cahaya matahari kerana plastik yang digunakan berupaya menapis pancaran ultra ungu dengan berkesan. Sistem ini hanya sesuai bagi pengutipan dan pengeringan di musim kering. <br />
<b>Pengeringan menggunakan ketuhar komersial </b><br />
Bagi pengeringan menggunakan ketuhar komersil, pengawalan suhu dapat dibuat dengan mudah, tepat dan boleh dikendalikan secara automatik sepanjang tahun. Ketuhar komersial bagaimanapun mempunyai ruang pengeringan yang terhad dan memakan masa yang lama kerana perlu menggunakan suhu yang rendah bagi mengelakkan kehilangan bahan bioaktif. Oleh itu jumlah yang dapat dikeringkan adalah terhad. <br />
<b>Pengeringan menggunakan ban tembakau </b><br />
Ban tembakau boleh diubahsuai untuk pengeringan tumbuhan ubatan. Pengubahsuaian terhadap rak pengeringan perlu disesuaikan dengan tumbuhan yang akan dikeringkan. Ban tembakau yang asal boleh terus digunakan bagi mengeringkan pokok seperti misai kucing dan hempedu bumi yang boleh diikat dan digantung. Bagi tumbuhan yang tidak bertangkai seperti pegaga atau yang mempunyai daun yang mudah gugur seperti dukung anak, dulang pengeringan yang bersesuaian perlu digunakan. Ban tembakau mempunyai beberapa kebaikan seperti ruang pengeringan yang luas, kos pengendalian dan pembinaan yang murah serta boleh digunakan sepanjang tahun.<br />
Kesemua sistem pengeringan di atas perlu dijalankan pada suhu yang tidak melebihi 400C. Pengeringan yang melebihi suhu ini akan mengganggu kandungan bioaktif bahan ubatan tersebut dan menyebabkan nilai ubatannya turut terganggu. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-5068561969842161312011-04-05T09:58:00.000+08:002011-04-05T09:58:28.003+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 14. Penuaian Hasil Dan Pengendalian Lepas Tuai<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqXci9d7lEQcWcGFLA4UmKW_xbQvGNVRLlsXxtjudmOfD_p1vnZG6P5ep7SvNTw1gf66SK-ZWzgWUTDhajs6CxTM9IruWCQsr9N5l-xIH7QVaEdZfqQNmXDFNp7KZb3WHeilISTNbrV0Y7/s1600/HB+Plate+6+Harvesting.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqXci9d7lEQcWcGFLA4UmKW_xbQvGNVRLlsXxtjudmOfD_p1vnZG6P5ep7SvNTw1gf66SK-ZWzgWUTDhajs6CxTM9IruWCQsr9N5l-xIH7QVaEdZfqQNmXDFNp7KZb3WHeilISTNbrV0Y7/s320/HB+Plate+6+Harvesting.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div><br />
</div>Pengendalian lepas tuai tumbuhan ubatan adalah satu lagi aspek penting dalam menghasilkan bahan mentah yang berkualiti. Proses pengendalian penuaian, pengeringan dan penyimpanan boleh memberi kesan kepada kualiti bahan bioaktif sesuatu tumbuhan ubatan. Sebagai panduan, penuaian hasil tumbuhan ubatan hendaklah dibuat setelah tumbuhan tersebut matang. Petunjuk kematangan ialah apabila tumbuhan berkenaan mula mengeluarkan bunga. Pada peringkat ini biasanya kandungan bahan bioaktifnya berada pada tahap yang tertinggi. Selain daripada itu, faktor-faktor lain seperti musim penuaian, waktu untuk menuai dan kaedah penuaian akan mempengaruhi kandungan bio kimianya. Manakala masa dan cara menuai berbeza mengikut bahagian tanaman yang akan digunakan. Berikut adalah panduan am bagi penuaian hasil tumbuhan ubatan: <br />
<b>Keseluruhan pokok atau bahagian atas</b> - hendaklah dituai semasa pokok mula berbunga. <br />
Daun - tuai daun yang mula matang. Elakkan memetik daun yang telah terlampau tua dan mula gugur atau terlalu muda. <br />
<b>Akar atau rizom </b>- hendaklah dituai apabila pertumbuhan vegetatif terhenti. Sebagai contoh, kunyit, halia, cekur dan temu dituai apabila pokoknya mula menunjukkan tanda akan mati. <br />
<b>Kulit batang</b> - hendaklah dituai pada permulaan musim hujan bagi mempercepatkan pemulihan pokok. Pengambilan kulit hendaklah dibuat pada pokok yang telah matang tanpa mencederakan tanaman berkenaan. <br />
<b>Bunga</b> - hendaklah dituai pada peringkat mula mengembang. <br />
Buah dan biji - hendaklah dituai buah yang matang <br />
<br />
Umur yang sesuai untuk penuaian serta jangka masa menuai bagi beberapa tumbuhan terpilih adalah seperti di dalam jadual. Panduan dan petua am yang harus diberi perhatian ketika pengutipan hasil atau pengumpulan tumbuhan ubatan adalah seperti berikut: <br />
<ul><li>Buat perancangan bagi memastikan pengutipan hasil dilakukan pada musim kering. Bahan yang dikutip pada musim lembap atau musim hujan pada amnya mengandungi peratus bahan bioaktif yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan bahan yang dikutip pada musim kering. </li>
<li>Pengutipan hendaklah dijalankan pada waktu pagi agar proses pengeringan dapat terus dijalankan pada hari yang sama. </li>
<li>Perlu dipilih tumbuhan yang subur, sihat dan tidak diserang perosak atau penyakit kerana tumbuhan yang diserang perosak akan dicemari dengan bahan asing seperti spora kulat atau najis serangga. Bahan tanaman yang diserang perosak juga mudah dijangkiti kulat dan penyakit semasa dalam simpanan. </li>
<li>Perlu dipastikan juga, bahan mentah yang dituai tidak dicemari dengan benda asing seperti rumput rumpai dan bahan lengai seperti pasir dan tanah.</li>
</ul>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-45655768723982465652011-04-05T09:42:00.006+08:002011-04-05T10:06:51.659+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 13. Keperluan teduhan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ9EOM5iVDoXu04LHfEgbFdSFsCPoUcC4hckD5pH0lXK2VOESxUjHsP29fUKFAWU7N_BPNtfOytclzHc7sDHc_RSO_ACNLlyMZ3Rg2O83ShTSuiU9TJzaDZh0k0CHQVWM72rLUczNbBCtu/s1600/5F2-TeduhanPlastik.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
<img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ9EOM5iVDoXu04LHfEgbFdSFsCPoUcC4hckD5pH0lXK2VOESxUjHsP29fUKFAWU7N_BPNtfOytclzHc7sDHc_RSO_ACNLlyMZ3Rg2O83ShTSuiU9TJzaDZh0k0CHQVWM72rLUczNbBCtu/s320/5F2-TeduhanPlastik.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Secara semula jadi tumbuhan ubatan yang terdapat di Malaysia terbahagi kepada dua iaitu yang hidup di kawasan terbuka dan di kawasan hutan, semak atau belukar. Bagi tumbuhan yang semula jadinya hidup di kawasan hutan, pengaruh naungan tumbuhan sekeliling adalah penting untuk pertumbuhan yang baik. Bagi penanaman secara komersial, keperluan naungan tumbuhan ini perlu disesuaikan dengan keadaan semula jadi. Sebagai contoh, tumbuhan ubatan seperti mas cotek dan kacip fatimah memerlukan naungan sehingga 50-80% untuk pertumbuhan yang terbaik manakala bagi tumbuhan semusim (seperti hempedu bumi) hanya memerlukan 20-30% naungan. Bagi tujuan memberi naungan sistem perhutanan tani atau sistem tanaman integrasi dengan tumbuhan komersial kekal lain seperti getah, kelapa atau kelapa sawit boleh juga diamalkan.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-30371136474083647622011-03-04T15:48:00.003+08:002011-03-04T15:54:01.228+08:00Herbal Cultivation Park to be launched in Terengganu!<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Source : <a href="http://www.pemandu.gov.my/etp/blog/2010/12/herbal-cultivation-park-to-be-launched-in-terengganu/">Herbal Cultivation Park to be launched in Terengganu!</a></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkQoXRHZJP69DQmBoyvtf3yb6FNCmeQhYvMJeTxbVHIBR1EQlbb2N-brgBlR5OK-Ud4OdxoDAbRrTtsUcjaQzk7NoohoXVRBrIYdpbelidAySKc9ur7_ze7DK0gJgIgk2rrqO5lek3n7j1/s1600/Roadmap-Exhibit-15-7-1024x686.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkQoXRHZJP69DQmBoyvtf3yb6FNCmeQhYvMJeTxbVHIBR1EQlbb2N-brgBlR5OK-Ud4OdxoDAbRrTtsUcjaQzk7NoohoXVRBrIYdpbelidAySKc9ur7_ze7DK0gJgIgk2rrqO5lek3n7j1/s320/Roadmap-Exhibit-15-7-1024x686.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
December 21st, 2010 | Published in <a href="http://www.pemandu.gov.my/etp/blog/category/nkea/agriculture/">Agriculture</a>, <a href="http://www.pemandu.gov.my/etp/blog/category/epp-nuggets/">EPP Nuggets</a> | <a href="http://www.pemandu.gov.my/etp/blog/2010/12/herbal-cultivation-park-to-be-launched-in-terengganu/#comments">1 Comment</a><br />
Year end update! This just in today. The Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry announced that the ECERDC* received the go ahead for Terengganu to develop a Herbal Cultivation Park on 461 hectares of land.<br />
<br />
Creating 285 jobs, this project in Pasir Raja, Teregganu, will include developing top 2 money makers: Tongkat Ali which is expected to bring in an annual revenue of RM225,000 per hectare and for Dukung Anak it’s RM136,500.<br />
<br />
5 other types of high demand herbs that will also be developed are:<br />
<ul><li>Kacip Fatimah,</li>
<li>Misai Kucing,</li>
<li>Hempedu Bumi,</li>
<li>Agar wood,</li>
<li>Lemon Myrtle.</li>
</ul>Minister Datuk Sri Noh bin Omar, who is the lead minister for the Agriculture NKEA, said that the global trade of natural products amounted to RM777 billion in 2006 and is expected to triple to over RM2 trillion by 2020.<br />
<br />
So following that, ECERDC is planning to develop 2 additional herbal parks. The one in Chegar Perah is expected to take off in 2011 and the second one in Rantau Manis in 2013.<br />
<br />
*ECERDC – East Coast Economic Region Development CouncilAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-57725996197327378402011-03-04T15:00:00.002+08:002011-03-04T15:05:07.681+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 12. Pengurusan Perosak<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Fjf4E4tgaoHzjghWdMl4qtbybpx_k6IqVGqr83DSxjxx4Y9WjVTgsmfiI4HhNv8XamMyRqluu13MJe3oZy2iHr7lp-WHZRFXW2mwLKtgE00wmrWPiFf3d0iTckUJy3fThcwxpjwbViAe/s1600/TAli-Gambar+15.7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Fjf4E4tgaoHzjghWdMl4qtbybpx_k6IqVGqr83DSxjxx4Y9WjVTgsmfiI4HhNv8XamMyRqluu13MJe3oZy2iHr7lp-WHZRFXW2mwLKtgE00wmrWPiFf3d0iTckUJy3fThcwxpjwbViAe/s320/TAli-Gambar+15.7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Dalam keadaan semula jadi sama ada di hutan atau kawasan terbuka, masalah perosak dan penyakit tidak begitu ketara. Keseimbangan semula jadi yang melibatkan mangsa dan pemangsa boleh memastikan ekosistem yang wujud itu stabil. Walau bagaimanapun jika sesuatu tumbuhan itu hidup bukan dalam keadaan semula jadi ataupun diusahakan secara penanaman tunggal, masalah perosak dan penyakit akan mula timbul.<br />
<div>Bagi memastikan tumbuhan ubatan yang dihasilkan tidak tercemar dengan bahan kimia yang tidak diingini, pastikan penggunaan racun kimia dielakkan. Sebaik-baiknya amalkan pengurusan tanaman yang bersih dengan menghapuskan sisa baki tanaman sebelum memulakan penanaman baru. </div><div>Dalam keadaan di mana serangan perosak di dapati serius dan penggunaan racun perosak tidak dapat dielakkan, hanya racun serangga semula jadi sahaja harus digunakan. Antara bahan yang boleh digunakan sebagai racun perosak ialah: <br />
<b>Racun serangga yang berasaskan bakteria Bacillus thuringiensis (BT).</b> Racun jenis ini bertindak sebagai racun perut dengan menyebabkan sistem usus serangga menjadi lumpuh. Racun BT ini amat berkesan bagi beberapa jenis serangga pemakan daun seperti ulat pucuk (Spodoptera litura). <br />
<b>Ekstrak daripada biji semambu (neem) </b> yang banyak terdapat di pasaran boleh juga digunakan. Ekstrak ini mengandungi bahan aktif azadirachtin dan non-azadirachtin. Kedua bahan bioaktif ini bertindak dengan menghalang serangga perosak memakan tanaman yang disemburkan. Ekstrak bukan azadirachtin dalam ekstrak semambu juga dapat bertindak sebagai racun serangga dan racun kulat. <br />
<b>Penggunaan minyak kayu putih.</b> Minyak kayu putih pula bertindak dengan menutup lubang pernafasan serangga, berinteraksi dengan asid lemak dalam serangga dan seterusnya mengganggu metabolisme dan proses pemakanan bagi serangga jenis menghisap. Sabun pencuci tangan atau pinggan mangkuk dapat bertindak sebagai racun serangga yang berkesan terutama terhadap kutu daun, benah putih, koya (mealybug) dan hamama tanpa meninggalkan sisa baki. Sabun bertindak dengan melarutkan lapisan lilin yang meliputi kulit serangga. Ini akan menyebabkan serangga kehilangan cecair dari tubuh dan seterusnya akan menyebabkan kematian.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-86241745228552841102011-03-04T14:41:00.003+08:002011-03-04T14:54:21.625+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 11. Sistem pengairan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTXpbyz75xbTRatOrBqOPWZkqcSFD8ZFD4LbuKxwjDCp2GJCWyo7fSIsssBGui0D35wtbv7X7wVwSn6cxdm-fnr0J5nZyEjBrd2eg3IZwh-0oWConH_lWhl-XqKDh7-9M_OJyiKTrgXuSG/s1600/Halia-springkler.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTXpbyz75xbTRatOrBqOPWZkqcSFD8ZFD4LbuKxwjDCp2GJCWyo7fSIsssBGui0D35wtbv7X7wVwSn6cxdm-fnr0J5nZyEjBrd2eg3IZwh-0oWConH_lWhl-XqKDh7-9M_OJyiKTrgXuSG/s320/Halia-springkler.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>Untuk memastikan pokok tumbuh dengan subur, pemberian air yang mencukupi adalah penting. Kekurangan air semasa pertumbuhan boleh menjejaskan hasil dan kualiti bahan mentah yang dihasilkan. Sistem pengairan yang diperlukan bergantung kepada spesies tanaman dan jenis tanah di mana tumbuhan ubatan ini diusahakan. Antara sistem pengairan yang boleh digunakan adalah seperti berikut: <br />
<b>Pengairan tembakan hujan </b>- Sistem ini menghasilkan pancutan air berkuasa tinggi dengan jejari sebaran air dalam lingkungan 25-35 m, bergantung kepada kuasa enjin dan pam serta jenis kepala yang digunakan. Sistem ini memerlukan sumber air yang banyak di samping kuasa enjin dan pam yang lebih tinggi dan sesuai untuk tumbuhan semusim yang diusahakan secara komersil. <br />
<b>Pengairan renjis -</b> Sistem ini menyerupai sistem pengairan tembakan hujan tetapi jejari sebaran airnya terhad kepada 10-15 m sahaja. Sistem ini sesuai bagi tanaman semusim yang kawasan penanamannya lebih terhad. Keupayaan pam dan enjin bergantung kepada jumlah kepala yang akan dipasang pada satu masa. <br />
<b>Pengairan titis </b>- Sistem ini berbeza ini berbeza dengan sistem di atas kerana sebaran airnya secara titisan dan terhad kepada kawasan sekeliling pangkal pokok. Sistem ini sesuai bagi kawasan yang mempunyai air yang terhad dan bagi tumbuhan kekal seperti tongkat ali, mengkudu dan lain-lain. Pengairan titis juga sesuai bagi kawasan berbukit. Di antara kebaikan sistem ini ialah baja dapat diberi semasa pengairan. Dalam sistem ini, air yang diberi tidak membasahi daun dan persekitaran pokok. Oleh itu, sistem ini amat sesuai bagi tumbuhan ubatan yang sensitif dan mudah dijangkiti penyakit akibat persekitaran mikro yang lembap. Sistem ini juga masih boleh diamalkan walaupun tanaman menggunakan sungkupan plastik kerana pita saliran boleh diatur di bawah sungkupan plastik tersebut.<br />
<div><b>Pengairan alur</b> - Bagi sistem pengairan alur, air disalirkan ke kawasan tanaman menerusi parit kecil. Sistem pengairan ini sesuai bagi kawasan tanah yang rata dan kadar larut lesap yang rendah seperti tanah aluvium dan tidak sesuai bagi kawasan tanah berpasir seperti tanah bris. Pengairan alur memerlukan sumber air yang lebih banyak berbanding dengan sistem titis atau renjis.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-56242421776070633812011-02-04T10:09:00.007+08:002011-02-04T10:23:25.424+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 10. Pembajaan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSa98tIt5AZC52eOhdc47IiXyiymCfROqoIthXMnUeFRNaJcTP6qmm0I_aGvQVGfhH_RKlwR7GpDEE2OGevBjinCN3cg4mk4PoShb0tp090Mfb-z66kZz9nJZxZuGrQKxHX8W4dfObIkc7/s1600/5E1-BajaOrganik.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSa98tIt5AZC52eOhdc47IiXyiymCfROqoIthXMnUeFRNaJcTP6qmm0I_aGvQVGfhH_RKlwR7GpDEE2OGevBjinCN3cg4mk4PoShb0tp090Mfb-z66kZz9nJZxZuGrQKxHX8W4dfObIkc7/s320/5E1-BajaOrganik.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Bagi memastikan kualiti bahan mentah (kandungan bioaktif) adalah sama dengan persekitaran yang sebenar, beberapa konsep mesra alam (bio dinamik) atau perladangan organik perlu dipraktikkan. Ini termasuklah penggunaan baja yang betul serta amalan pengurusan serangga perosak dan penyakit yang bersesuaian. Di dalam perladangan organik, hanya baja organik seperti baja kompos, najis binatang atau bahan yang berasaskan organik sahaja yang digunakan.<br />
Sumber : http://medplants-malaysia.blogspot.com/2009/07/tumbuhan-ubatan-popular-malaysia.htmlAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-69216203843979124012011-02-04T09:51:00.007+08:002011-02-04T10:14:57.145+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 9. Pembiakan bahan tanaman<link href="file://localhost/Users/MUSA-YAACOB/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0clip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link> <link href="file://localhost/Users/MUSA-YAACOB/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0clip_themedata.xml" rel="themeData"></link> <style>
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<br />
Pemahaman asas mengenai teknik pembiakan tumbuhan adalah penting bagi memastikan bahan tanaman berkualiti dapat dihasilkan dalam kuantiti yang banyak dalam jangka masa yang singkat. Teknik yang digunakan bergantung kepada jenis tumbuhan itu sendiri. Kebanyakan boleh tumbuh dengan mudah daripada biji benih, namun begitu terdapat juga biji benih yang memerlukan rawatan tertentu bagi memastikan penghasilan anak benih yang berkualiti. Pembiakan tampang dengan menggunakan keratan pucuk, rizom, ubi atau pelunasan boleh juga digunakan bagi sesetengah tumbuhan ubatan. Selain daripada cara pembiakan, penggunaan media tanaman yang betul juga penting bagi memastikan biji benih atau keratan vegetatif yang dibiakkan menghasilkan anak pokok yang sihat. Terdapat pelbagai media tanaman komersil di pasaran, termasuk yang telah diubahsuai dengan mencampurkan bahan seperti habuk kelapa, Kek Endap Cemar Kelapa Sawit (KECKS) dan sekam padi bagi memenuhi keperluan pelbagai tumbuhan ubatan. Sebagai contoh, campuran media tanaman yang menggunakan habuk kelapa boleh mempercepatkan pertumbuhan keratan akar dan batang kacip fatimah dan emas cotek. Di samping itu, media serta bekas tanaman perlu diubahsuai sekiranya penanaman ke ladang akan dilakukan dengan menggunakan jentera menanam.<br />
<b><i>Pembiakan melalui biji benih</i></b><br />
Teknik penyemaian berbeza mengikut saiz biji benih. Bagi biji benih yang bersaiz kecil (seperti dukung anak, hempedu bumi dan sena maki), penyemaian hendaklah terlebih dahulu dibuat di dalam dulang penyemaian sebelum dipindah kepada polibag atau dulang penanaman. Ini akan memudahkan pengurusan anak benih dan seterusnya memastikan anak benih yang dihasilkan berkualiti. Penggunaan dulang penanaman juga memudahkan pengendalian anak benih semasa menanam. Anak benih jenis ini juga boleh ditanam dengan menggunakan jentera. Manakala biji benih yang sederhana besar (seperti rosel, bendi, tongkat ali dan mengkudu) boleh terus disemai ke dalam polibag atau dulang penanaman. Sementara itu, biji benih yang mudah tumbuh dan tidak memerlukan penjagaan rapi (seperti kangkung, ulam raja dan padi) boleh ditabur terus ke kawasan penanaman.<br />
<b><i>Pembiakan secara vegetatif</i></b><br />
Bahagian yang sesuai digunakan sebagai bahan pembiakan vegetatif bergantung kepada jenis tumbuhan. Di antara bahagian yang biasa digunakan ialah keratan batang, ubi, rizom, atau anak pokok. Pada keseluruhannya, keratan batang lebih mudah dan kerap digunakan. Untuk tujuan tersebut, keratan sederhana matang lebih sesuai digunakan tetapi bagi emas cotek keratan batang muda dapat memberi peratus kejayaan yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan keratan sederhana matang. Manakala penggunaan ubi adalah sesuai bagi tanaman keladi, ubi bemban, kemoyang dan rumput sambau. Bagi tumbuhan seperti halia, kunyit, temu, lengkuas dan cekur, rizom biasanya digunakan sebagai bahan tanaman. Anak pokok pula boleh digunakan sebagai bahan tanaman bagi pandan, pegaga dan keladi murai.<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Teknik dan cara pembiakan bagi tumbuhan ubatan terpilih<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Tanaman<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Cara pembiakan<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Teknik<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Cekur<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Rizom<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Keratan rizom matang yang mempunyai 3-4 mata tunas<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Dukung anak<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Biji benih<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Penyemaian dan penyediaan anak dalam dulang<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Emas cotek<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Keratan ranting<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Keratan ranting muda yang mempunyai 2-3 mata tunas<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Halia<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Rizom<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Keratan rizom matang yang mempunyai 3-4 mata tunas<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Hempedu bumi<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Biji benih<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Penyemaian dan penyediaan anak dalam dulang<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Kacip fatimah<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Akar & batang<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Keratan akar dan batang<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Kesum<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Batang <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Keratan batang sepanjang 15-20 cm dan mempunyai 5-7 ruas<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Kunyit<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Rizom<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Keratan rizom matang yang mempunyai 3-4 mata tunas<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Limau purut<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Biji benih<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Penyemaian dan penyediaan anak dalam polibag<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Mengkudu<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Biji benih<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Penyemaian dan penyediaan anak dalam polibag<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Misai kucing<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Keratan ranting<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Penyemaian keratan yang mempunyai 3-4 pasang daun ke dalam dulang menanam<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Pandan<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Sulur <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Anak sulur berukuran 15-20 cm panjang<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Pegaga<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Batang<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Batang matang yang mempunyai akar <o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Rosel<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Rizom<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Percambahan terus di dalam dulang menanam<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Selasih<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Biji benih<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Penyemaian dan penyediaan anak dalam dulang<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Senna maki<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Biji benih<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Penyemaian dan penyediaan anak dalam dulang<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Serai makan<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Anak pokok<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Serpihan anak yang berakar<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Serai wangi<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Anak pokok<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Serpihan anak yang berakar<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Tea tree<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Biji benih<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Penyemaian dan penyediaan anak dalam dulang<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.4pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="MsoNormal">Tongkat ali<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.75pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal">Biji benih<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">Penyemaian dan penyediaan anak dalam polibag<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-82730550354104618692011-01-29T23:50:00.002+08:002011-01-30T00:18:02.620+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 8. Pemilihan varieti atau spesies<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1z9eA5CZcsYkfmS9khR3r8fErDhGtvWgZ-yvFgdDMZEid1k1pfBh1uwyolKKKLrOhf1gs9llnCIwLOLEtUMZSdy0iFCnGjPZlAxPXl6ZD2f0jQUlwXTZaDJW5gMaIthI0ABvpwGvyMQ-a/s1600/Slide3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1z9eA5CZcsYkfmS9khR3r8fErDhGtvWgZ-yvFgdDMZEid1k1pfBh1uwyolKKKLrOhf1gs9llnCIwLOLEtUMZSdy0iFCnGjPZlAxPXl6ZD2f0jQUlwXTZaDJW5gMaIthI0ABvpwGvyMQ-a/s320/Slide3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Pemilihan varieti atau spesies yang bersesuaian juga penting kerana prestasi hasil bahan kering dan ketahanan terhadap serangan penyakit dan perosak berbeza di antara satu varieti dengan yang lain. Satu faktor yang perlu di ambil perhatian dalam pemilihan varieti atau spesies ialah tahap kandungan dan kualiti bahan bioaktif yang terdapat di dalamnya. Pemilihan spesies yang sesuai ini amat penting kerana terdapat perbezaan yang ketara dalam tahap kandungan bahan bioaktif di antara spesies. Sebagai contoh, dukung anak atau buah amin ialah tumbuhan ubatan yang dirujuk kepada beberapa spesies Phyllanthus yang berbatang lembut. Secara spesifik, dukung anak dirujuk kepada spesies P. amarus, P. deblis dan P. urinaria. Prestasi hasil dan kandungan bahan bioaktif dan seterusnya khasiat perubatan di antara spesies ini adalah amat berbeza sekali. Namun begitu setiap spesies tersebut mempunyai nilai perubatan tertentu.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-9795006334761149042011-01-15T07:10:00.006+08:002011-01-29T23:56:55.555+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 7. Penyediaan kawasan tanaman<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijbN2n7kBQw0VJWfcsICVN5qZ8aRiDgQ8YijeBRmAYGDssvGnUosFrl_-P9a1pOvSFcSypK2d3ool1n42kf2uIi4WSE6t4tVd6D2eYqJMF4NVWuYwFyzooAfwiXkmmrRi244bGEDW0riAB/s1600/Penyediaan+Ladang-13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijbN2n7kBQw0VJWfcsICVN5qZ8aRiDgQ8YijeBRmAYGDssvGnUosFrl_-P9a1pOvSFcSypK2d3ool1n42kf2uIi4WSE6t4tVd6D2eYqJMF4NVWuYwFyzooAfwiXkmmrRi244bGEDW0riAB/s1600/Penyediaan+Ladang-13.jpg" /></a></div>Perkara yang perlu dititikberatkan dalam penyediaan kawasan bergantung kepada spesies tumbuhan ubatan yang ingin diusahakan. Secara keseluruhannya, tahap kemasaman tanah perlu diambil perhatian. Tanah yang masam (berasid) mempunyai nilai pH yang rendah iaitu kurang daripada 5. Nilai pH yang sesuai bagi kebanyakan tanaman ubatan ialah antara 5 hingga 6. Sekiranya tahap pH kurang daripada 5, pengambilan nutrien dan seterusnya prestasi pertumbuhannya akan terganggu. Oleh itu bagi kawasan yang mempunyai pH yang rendah, pengapuran perlu dijalankan. <br />
Bagi kawasan yang baru atau yang banyak rumpai, penyediaan tanah perlu dimulai dengan bajak piring bagi memotong akar dan memecahkan tanah. Ini diikuti dengan bajak putar untuk menggemburkan tanah di samping menghapuskan rumpai. Seterusnya keperluan batas tanaman bergantung kepada jenis tumbuhan ubatan yang ingin diusahakan. Bagi tumbuhan semusim seperti hempedu bumi, dukung anak dan sena maki, batas hendaklah dibina bagi memudahkan amalan pengurusan tanaman seperti membaja, pengawalan rumpai, pengurusan perosak dan pengutipan hasil. Penanaman di atas batas juga memudahkan pengaliran air bagi tanaman yang sangat sensitif terhadap air bertakung. Lebar dan tinggi batas bergantung kepada keperluan tumbuhan berkenaan. Sebagai panduan, tinggi batas hendaklah tidak kurang daripada kedalaman efektif akar bagi tanaman tersebut. Manakala lebar batas pula bergantung kepada saiz kanopi tumbuhan berkenaan serta jarak tanaman yang diperlukan. Bagi tanaman yang mempunyai lebar kanopi yang kecil seperti dukung anak dan hempedu bumi, beberapa baris tanaman boleh ditanam di atas setiap batas. Penentuan lebar batas juga bergantung kepada peralatan kejenteraan yang ada. Peralatan tersebut termasuklah alat untuk membuat batas, menempur dan seterusnya peralatan pengurusan perosak dan pengutipan hasil. <br />
Sementara itu, tanaman kekal seperti tongkat ali, mengkudu, limau purut dan limau nipis tidak memerlukan batas penanaman. Penyediaan kawasan untuk tanaman-tanaman ini sama seperti di atas, manakala jarak antara tanaman bergantung kepada saiz kanopi dan sistem tanaman yang diamalkan.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-30151325905681770612011-01-04T13:57:00.008+08:002011-01-18T15:01:25.299+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 6. Sistem tanaman<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6M4nOeiUWX39kbQVF66ljcQbxBUpCG95dQRUXtZvdBDfYKLO8vxRxXMI2izuw7xeYF_sADULo2YqQXSIpbYPsIFtZ3NPHediwyNWiGoJHtV1guazEQeId_EtzOi1mHjo6TShQumFddle4/s1600/TAli-Gambar+15.3.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6M4nOeiUWX39kbQVF66ljcQbxBUpCG95dQRUXtZvdBDfYKLO8vxRxXMI2izuw7xeYF_sADULo2YqQXSIpbYPsIFtZ3NPHediwyNWiGoJHtV1guazEQeId_EtzOi1mHjo6TShQumFddle4/s320/TAli-Gambar+15.3.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5558208463464519410" /></a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span">Tumbuhan ubatan boleh ditanam dan dihasilkan melalui pelbagai sistem dan kaedah. Antaranya ialah sistem tanaman tunggal di lapangan terbuka, perhutanan tani (di bawah perladangan hutan atau pembersihan hutan) dan penanaman integrasi antara tumbuhan ubatan dengan tanaman kekal seperti kelapa sawit dan getah. Penanaman secara tunggal (monokultur) sesuai bagi tanaman yang memerlukan sinaran cahaya matahari yang sepenuhnya untuk pertumbuhan yang maksimum. Antara tumbuhan yang sesuai diusahakan bagi sistem tanaman ini ialah tanaman jangka pendek seperti selasih, dukung anak, nilam, kesum dan tanaman kekal seperti misai kucing dan mengkudu. Manakala tanaman yang sesuai ditanam secara integrasi dengan tanaman kekal atau perladangan hutan ialah kacip fatimah, tongkat ali dan tanaman yang memerlukan teduhan.<br />
Pemilihan tumbuhan ubatan yang sesuai amat penting dalam mengamalkan sistem-sistem pengeluaran tersebut. Sebagai contoh, tumbuhan ubatan seperti kacip fatimah dan tongkat ali memerlukan peratus teduhan yang berbeza bagi mendapatkan pertumbuhan yang optimum. Kacip fatimah memerlukan teduhan melebihi 70% dan sesuai ditanam di hutan dara, manakala tongkat ali yang memerlukan lebih cahaya boleh ditanam secara integrasi bersama kelapa sawit, kelapa atau getah. Pemilihan tanaman yang serasi amat penting kerana kombinasi yang tidak tepat boleh menggencat tumbuhan ubatan berkenaan. Sebagai contoh, kaci fatimah tidak boleh diintegrasikan dengan getah kerana musim daun meluruh bagi getah akan memusnahkan tanaman kacip fatimah.<br />
Sistem perhutanan tani yang boleh diamalkan ialah:<br />
</span><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sistem tanaman jalur</span> - Secara asasnya sistem ini melibatkan penanaman tumbuhan ubatan di antara baris dalam perladangan hutan berkenaan. Objektif utama ialah untuk memaksimumkan penggunaan tanah pada peringkat awal pertumbuhan tanaman ladang utama seperti getah, kelapa sawit atau hutan ladang. Tumbuhan ubatan seperti serai wangi, halia, kunyit dan temu boleh tumbuh dengan baik di kawasan yang terbuka dan sesuai juga di tanam di kawasan tanaman getah atau kelapa sawit yang baru diusahakan. Di samping itu, tanaman yang memerlukan sedikit naungan seperti hempedu bumi boleh diusahakan bersama dengan tanaman yang telah matang. </span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Sistem tanaman berpagar</b> - Tanaman berpagar pula ialah penanaman tumbuhan ubatan semusim di antara pokok renek dan pokok besar yang ditanam secara berpagar. Dalam sistem ini, barisan tanaman kekal utama ditanam lebih jarak daripada biasa. Populasi optimum bagi tanaman berkenaan dikekalkan dengan mendekatkan jarak tanaman dalam baris. Ruang yang lebih lebar antara baris ditanam dengan tumbuhan ubatan yang bersesuaian. Antara kombinasi yang bersesuaian dengan sistem ini ialah getah atau perladangan hutan bersama dengan tongkat ali, mengkudu atau serai wangi.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Sistem tanaman rawak </b>- Di bawah sistem tanaman rawak pula spesies tumbuhan ubatan di tanam secara rawak di kawasan yang kosong di ladang pertanian atau di hutan-hutan. Kawasan yang kosong mungkin disebabkan ditinggal terbiar atau disebabkan kematian pokok yang sedia ada. Kematian ini mungkin disebabkan penyakit, kerosakan fizikal oleh ribut atau sengaja ditinggalkan kosong di sekitar kawasan bangunan pejabat atau rumah pekerja. Pemilihan tanaman hendak yang bersesuaian dengan kawasan berkenaan.</span></li>
</ul>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-10375847027312233342011-01-04T13:54:00.003+08:002011-01-18T15:01:51.395+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 5. Penanaman<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUigF_t54SLjiWsU9i37X6ynEZ_SoW6JxWsYej3dNn4ysVG7JAa4ZJreZAdW8iW2cAE8Ys2LlEKvNGuaHVsM4oHdIEekrdzjXOpkAEkgMHFRyYlkuNuL4EDp86PPvazXrWsj5tuoJF63Al/s1600/4+MCotek.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUigF_t54SLjiWsU9i37X6ynEZ_SoW6JxWsYej3dNn4ysVG7JAa4ZJreZAdW8iW2cAE8Ys2LlEKvNGuaHVsM4oHdIEekrdzjXOpkAEkgMHFRyYlkuNuL4EDp86PPvazXrWsj5tuoJF63Al/s320/4+MCotek.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5558209996285391954" /></a><br />
Permintaan terhadap tumbuhan ubatan untuk pengeluaran ubatan tradisional dewasa ini semakin meningkat. Di Malaysia, keperluan produk tumbuhan ubatan bernilai melebihi RM 732.6 juta pada tahun 2002 dan di jangka meningkat sehingga RM 1.42 bilion pada tahun 2010. Kini hanya kurang daripada 10% bahan mentah yang digunakan dalam pengeluaran ubatan tradisional ditanam di Malaysia dan yang selebihnya diimport dari luar negara atau dikutip daripada tumbuhan liar. Pengimportan bahan mentah akan mendedahkan industri tempatan kepada ketidakstabilan bekalan, harga dan kualiti. Keadaan ini akan menghalang perkembangan industri tumbuhan ubatan tempatan, dan akan memberi kesan kepada aliran keluar tukaran wang asing.<br />
Di samping itu, amalan mengumpul dan mengutip tumbuhan ubatan liar untuk tujuan pengeluaran produk akan mengganggu potensi komersil produk tersebut. Keadaan ini tidak akan menjamin kualiti serta bekalan bahan mentah secara berterusan. Cara terbaik untuk memenuhi permintaan yang semakin meningkat terhadap tumbuhan ubatan ialah dengan menanam secara komersial. Walaupun terdapat tanggapan bahawa tumbuhan yang ditanam ini tidak akan sama dengan tumbuhan dari habitat asal, namun tidak terdapat mana-mana pihak yang telah mengesahkannya. Contoh yang terbaik ialah ginseng yang telah berjaya ditanam secara komersil di Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada, walaupun tanaman tersebut berasal dari negara Jepun dan Korea. Kini, tanaman tersebut telah dieksport kembali ke Asia timur termasuk Jepun dan Korea. <br />
Dalam memastikan tumbuhan ubatan boleh ditanam secara komersial tanpa menghilangkan nilai ubatannya, pemahaman yang baik tentang keperluan tumbuhan tersebut adalah sangat penting. Ini termasuklah pemahaman tentang habitat semula jadinya, teknik pengumpulan, cara pembiakan tanaman, penuaian dan pengendalian lepas tuai. Pemahaman tersebut membolehkan tumbuhan ubatan ini dihasilkan dengan jayanya di dalam persekitaran yang baru.<br />
Pada kebiasaannya keperluan tumbuhan ubatan ini tiada bezanya dengan tumbuhan komersial yang lain. Antara aspek asas yang perlu diberi perhatian ialah sistem tanaman, penyediaan kawasan, pemilihan varieti dan teknik pembiakan bahan tanaman yang bersesuaian. Selain daripada itu amalan agronomi seperti pembajaan yang betul, pengurusan pengairan, amalan kultur dan pengawalan serangga perosak yang bersesuaian juga tidak kurang penting.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-42446966344224493132011-01-03T10:38:00.011+08:002011-03-04T15:18:33.903+08:00Taxonomy of Labisia pumila<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnjn5MDRzodgusX3bE4xgnOzLue5tJVwVedXCuwZDPFL9JfYgWl2p6UvIIMFwi0DT-dRsWVmeb-S2cQMMZeh6nMrAaa93J_lO7iesSTnf9Nl9y2LnOuWiEtvB2XN9ju1ZL9c5IvLLrvWbL/s1600/4+KFatiamh.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5557795043477846306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnjn5MDRzodgusX3bE4xgnOzLue5tJVwVedXCuwZDPFL9JfYgWl2p6UvIIMFwi0DT-dRsWVmeb-S2cQMMZeh6nMrAaa93J_lO7iesSTnf9Nl9y2LnOuWiEtvB2XN9ju1ZL9c5IvLLrvWbL/s320/4+KFatiamh.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0 10px 10px 0; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"></div>In Malaysia, commonly 3 different main varieties of L. pumila are being distinguished mainly based on petiole characteristics. L. pumila var. pumila with slightly marginate petiole and rather ovate leaf blade, L. pumila var. alata with broadly winged petiole and L. pumila var. lanceolata with terete petiole and lanceolate leaf blade. The validity of those taxa is attributed to a publication of Benjamin C. Stone (1) from 1988. However, Stone himself is not exactly certain in his conclusions on the varieties of L. pumila and states that “Observers in Malaysia are urged to pay attention to the status (whether natural or artificial) of the varieties of L. pumila. The question of the breadth of the petiole wing (or decurrent extension of the blade) and relative lengths as a means of separating taxa remains to be settled. The var. lanceolata (based on L. pumila Scheffer, reduced in rank by Airy Shaw as L. pumila forma lanceolata (Scheff.) A. Shaw) seems not to have other associated differences.” A general botanical description can also be found in the PROSEA Handbook 12 (2) and a monograph has been published by the Malaysian Monograph Committee (3) and a more recent description of the genus Labisia has been published by B. Sunarno (4). Currently, L. pumila var. alata is being regarded as the most desirable form for use as medicinal herb. However, data obtained by Borneo Plant Technology Sdn Bhd (not shown) during the development of the TQP™ specifications for Labisia p.a. support Stone’s reservations and show that the 3 varieties as well as L. pumila var. neriifolia cannot be separated according to their total chemical composition and leaf morphology alone is therefore not a sufficient parameter to assess phytochemical properties or for quality control. <br />
<div>(1) Stone, B. C. (1988) Notes on the genus Labisia Lindl. (Myrsinaceae). Malayan Nature Journal 42(1): 43-51.(2) PROSEA Handbook 12(3) Medicinal and poisonous plants 3, p.266. Backhuys Publishers, Netherlands(3) Zahri, I., Norhayati, I. and Jaafar, L. (1999) In: Malaysia Herbal Monograph Vol. I, Ministry of Health. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 47.(4) Sunarno, B. (2005) Revision of the genus Labisia (Myrsinaceae). Blumea 50(3): 579-597.<br />
<div>Source :© 2008 Herba Indigina Sdn Bhd.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span"></span></div></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-7499415783340235002011-01-03T00:20:00.010+08:002011-01-18T15:03:15.130+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 4 : Pengurusan Sumber Genetik<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUwEFmd-cAQk_i0rEY1YQIyjWZkE6r3_zOdfE0SqChyphenhyphenofXqsYERg62kIy5ad2WO4RNV1B_LEteYKuHgWeR2A7rRmvJIpVfq8YK6aVjMCjSFFTVfTkRiJiSZ2Ab4CBksiWRb3OVXOA_ZaOw/s1600/NurseryHerba-05.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUwEFmd-cAQk_i0rEY1YQIyjWZkE6r3_zOdfE0SqChyphenhyphenofXqsYERg62kIy5ad2WO4RNV1B_LEteYKuHgWeR2A7rRmvJIpVfq8YK6aVjMCjSFFTVfTkRiJiSZ2Ab4CBksiWRb3OVXOA_ZaOw/s320/NurseryHerba-05.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5557799028250018850" /></a> <br />
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<!--StartFragment--> </span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span>Malaysia mempunyai kepelbagaian tumbuhan yang terdiri daripada spesies tumbuhan ubatan asli dan aromatik. <span> </span>Daripada sejumlah 1,600 spesies yang dilaporkan mempunyai khasiat perubatan, <span> </span>hanya sebilangan kecil sahaja yang telah atau sedang ditanam dan dikaji secara saintifik.<span> </span>Terdapat banyak lagi yang belum diterokai dari segi kandungan kimianya.<span> </span>Janaplasma tumbuhan ubatan yang begitu banyak perlu dikumpulkan dan disimpan sebelum ianya pupus akibat penebangan hutan atau pengutipan bahan <span> </span>yang berleluasa untuk tujuan komersil. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span><span> </span>Di masa kini, kebanyakan pengusaha tumbuhan ubatan, termasuk pengilang mengumpul bahan keperluan mereka dari sumber asli iaitu dari hutan. Biasanya mereka menggunakan khidmat pengumpul profesional dengan bantuan orang asli dalam mendapatkan bahan keperluan mereka. Jika amalan ini tidak dibendung, berkemungkinan besar tumbuh-tumbuhan ini akan pupus.<span> </span>Contohnya, ramai yang sanggup meneroka lebih jauh ke dalam hutan bagi mencari pokok tongkat ali kerana semakin sukar untuk mendapatkannya.</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span></span>Dalam memastikan sumber genetik tumbuhan ubatan ini terpelihara untuk kegunaan pada masa hadapan, beberapa inisiatif untuk memuliharanya perlu dijalankan. Pemuliharaan sumber genetik tumbuhan ubatan ini boleh dibuat dengan beberapa cara.<span> </span>Antaranya ialah:</p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span>Membangunkan bank genetik tumbuhan ubatan melalui simpanan biji benih atau bahan tumbuhan lain yang boleh dibiakkan untuk kegunaan di kemudian hari.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span>Pemuliharaan sumber genetik secara in situ.<span> </span>Ini merujuk kepada pemuliharaan di bawah persekitaran semula jadinya.<span> </span>Contoh yang terbaik ialah hutan simpan seperti taman negara yang meliputi negeri Pahang, Kelantan dan Terengganu di semenanjung Malaysia dan taman negara di Sarawak dan Sabah. <span> </span>Pemuliharaan hutan simpan ini mewakili ekosistem yang berlainan bagi memastikan sumber genetik yang dipulihara juga berbeza.<span> </span>Dalam memastikan pemuliharaan in situ ini berjaya, beberapa langkah proaktif perlu diambil. <span> </span>Antaranya ialah dengan mewartakan kawasan berkenaan sebagai kawasan larangan. Dalam keadaan tertentu, penanaman semula spesies tertentu perlu dijalankan.<o:p></o:p></span></p><span>Pemuliharaan sumber genetik secara ex situ yang merujuk kepada pemuliharaan yang dilakukan di luar ekosistem semula jadinya. Antara contoh yang boleh dilihat ialah taman-taman etnobotani seperti Taman Botani di Gua Musang, Kelantan, Taman Etnobotani di Perlis dan Sekayu, Terengganu.<span> </span>Terdapat juga pengumpulan yang dijalankan oleh universiti dan institusi penyelidikan bagi tujuan pendidikan.<span> </span>Antaranya ialah Taman Etnobotani di Jerangau oleh Institut Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan Pertanian Malaysia (MARDI), Rimba Ilmu di Universiti Malaya, Taman Etnobotani di Institut Penyelidikan Hutan Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong. Terdapat juga beberapa lagi taman etnobotani yang ditubuhkan oleh kerajaan negeri seperti Taman Botani Semengoh, Taman Pertanian Sungai Seview dan Taman Hutan Sama Jaya di Sarawak. Kehadiran taman-taman etnobotani seperti ini membolehkan penyimpanan kepelbagaian genetik tumbuhan ubatan yang penting dijalankan.</span><!--EndFragment--> </span><p></p><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"> <span>Pemuliharaan sumber genetik secara ex situ yang merujuk kepada pemuliharaan yang dilakukan di luar ekosistem semula jadinya. Antara contoh yang boleh dilihat ialah taman-taman etnobotani seperti Taman Botani di Gua Musang, Kelantan, Taman Etnobotani di Perlis dan Sekayu, Terengganu.<span> </span>Terdapat juga pengumpulan yang dijalankan oleh universiti dan institusi penyelidikan bagi tujuan pendidikan.<span> </span>Antaranya ialah Taman Etnobotani di Jerangau oleh Institut Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan Pertanian Malaysia (MARDI), Rimba Ilmu di Universiti Malaya, Taman Etnobotani di Institut Penyelidikan Hutan Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong. Terdapat juga beberapa lagi taman etnobotani yang ditubuhkan oleh kerajaan negeri seperti Taman Botani Semengoh, Taman Pertanian Sungai Seview dan Taman Hutan Sama Jaya di Sarawak. Kehadiran taman-taman etnobotani seperti ini membolehkan penyimpanan kepelbagaian genetik tumbuhan ubatan yang penting dijalankan.</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> </span><!--EndFragment--> </span><p></p><p></p><p></p><ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="square"></ul><!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-56704811096909219862011-01-02T23:40:00.004+08:002011-01-18T15:03:35.621+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 3 : Pengumpulan Dan Pengecaman Tumbuhan UbatanTumbuhan ubatan dikumpulkan untuk memenuhi pelbagai tujuan. Ada yang dikumpulkan oleh pengumpul profesional bagi membekalkan bahan mentah kepada industri ubatan tradisional tempatan atau sebagai persediaan untuk ubatan oleh pengamal perubatan tradisional. Ada juga individu yang mengumpul tumbuhan ubatan ini bertujuan untuk ditanam di sekitar rumah dan digunakan apabila perlu. Terdapat juga individu yang mengumpul sebagai benih untuk semaian bagi tujuan komersial. <br />
Walau apa pun tujuan tumbuhan ubatan ini dikumpulkan, perlulah dipastikan bahawa tumbuhan tersebut telah dibuat pengecaman yang tepat dan betul. Pada lokasi yang berbeza didapati penggunaan nama juga berbeza. Sebagai contoh, kacip fatimah adalah secara amnya merujuk kepada Labisia pumilla yang mempunyai tiga varieti yang berbeza iaitu L. pumila var alata, L. pumila var pumila dan L. pumila var lanceolata. Kegunaan varieti-varieti kacip fatimah ini sebagai tumbuhan ubatan oleh pengamal perubatan tradisional Melayu adalah berbeza. Sebagai contoh, L. pumila var pumila digunakan sebagai rawatan bagi wanita selepas bersalin untuk menguatkan badan dan menjarakkan kehamilan. Sebaliknya varieti L. pumila var lanceolata digunakan untuk memulihkan tenaga kelelakian. Contoh lain ialah dukung anak. Ia biasanya merujuk kepada beberapa spesies Phyllanthus iaitu P. niruri, P.. deblis dan P. urinaria. Phyllanthus niruri yang mempunyai daun yang berwarna hijau adalah satu-satu yang digunakan dalam pengeluaran produk komersial walaupun ketiga-tiga spesies digunakan dalam perubatan tradisional. P. urinaria yang mempunyai daun yang berwarna merah adalah lebih disukai oleh orang India dan sebaliknya P. debelis lebih disukai oleh orang Melayu. Contoh yang lebih ketara ialah tongkat ali. Walaupun terdapat tumbuhan dalam genus yang berlainan, ia tetap dirujuk sebagai tongkat ali. Tongkat ali secara umumnya merujuk kepada Eurycoma longifolia, Polyaltia bullata, Strychnos intai, Simlax sp. dan Goniothalamus sp. Di Kelantan, tongkat ali dirujuk kepada Goniothalamus sp. manakala di Terengganu pula ianya dirujuk sebagai Polyaltia bullata, walaupun pada asasnya kegunaannya ialah sama iaitu air rebusan akarnya diguna sebagai tonik kesihatan.<br />
Selain daripada nama tempatan yang berlainan, sifat fizikal sesuatu spesies tanaman pada kebiasaannya berbeza, bergantung kepada persekitaran dan iklim mikro tempat spesies tersebut hidup. Spesies yang sama tumbuh dalam keadaan persekitaran yang lebih subur, altitud yang lebih tinggi atau dalam keadaan tegasan zat nutrien atau air boleh menghasilkan morfologi pertumbuhan yang berlainan berbanding dengan pertumbuhan biasa. Tahap kematangan juga boleh mempengaruhi sifat fizikal seperti bentuk dan saiz daun serta warna. Perbezaan sifat fizikal ini boleh mengelirukan proses pengecaman sesuatu spesies tanaman. <br />
Kesilapan dalam pengecaman akan mendatangkan lebih banyak masalah dan boleh membahayakan kerana sesetengah tumbuhan di hutan tropika seperti di Malaysia adalah beracun. Pengecaman tumbuhan biasanya berdasarkan kepada sifat pertumbuhan dan struktur, warna serta bentuk bunga, buah dan daun. Bagi pengumpul tumbuhan ubatan, pengecaman biasanya berdasarkan kepada pengalaman. Manakala bagi saintis pula, pengecaman dilakukan mengikut prosedur taksonomi yang telah ditentukan dan pada kebiasaannya sampel yang dikumpulkan akan dibandingkan dengan spesimen yang tersimpan di herbarium.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-71831387357609585682011-01-02T22:06:00.008+08:002011-01-18T15:03:55.079+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 2: Habitat Semula JadiSetiap jenis tumbuhan ubatan mempunyai keperluan yang tersendiri untuk tumbesarannya dan dengan demikian terdapat ekologi yang spesifik baginya. Keadaan ini biasanya berkait rapat dengan suhu persekitaran, kelembapan, keperluan cahaya dan tahap kandungan karbon dioksida. Adalah dipercayai kombinasi faktor-faktor ini akan menentukan kemandirian tumbuhan ubatan tersebut sekali gus menentukan kehadiran bahan kimia yang tertentu di dalam setiap spesies.<br />
Terdapat tumbuhan ubatan yang memerlukan siang hari yang lebih panjang daripada malam hari dan tumbuhan ini hanya boleh didapati pada aras yang tinggi. Terdapat juga tumbuhan yang hanya terdapat pada aras yang rendah. Ada yang memerlukan teduhan atau naungan. Tumbuhan ini biasanya tumbuh sebagai semak di dalam hutan. Ada juga yang memerlukan cahaya yang maksimum dan biasanya tumbuh di kawasan lapang, di tepi jalan atau di tanah terbiar. Contoh spesies tumbuhan ubatan yang penting dan biasanya ditemui di dalam hutan ialah kacip fatimah (Labisia pumilla), tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia), belimbing tanah (Tacca cristata) dan emas cotek (Ficus deltoidea). Tumbuhan ubatan seperti hempedu bumi (Andrographis paniculata), dukung anak (Phyllanthus amarus) dan serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) pula tumbuh di kawasan lapang. Bagi tumbuhan ubatan tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia), walaupun didapati tumbuh secara habitatnya di dalam hutan sebagai semak, kajian menunjukkan kadar pertumbuhan di kawasan lapang dengan bantuan pengairan adalah lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan habitat semula jadinya. <br />
Satu lagi tabiat tumbesaran tumbuhan ubatan yang berkaitan dengan habitat semula jadinya ialah hubungan simbiotik dengan tumbuhan lain. Hubungan ini boleh dikelaskan sama ada sebagai parasit, epifit atau saprofit. Pokok tumbuhan ubatan daripada kumpulan epifit yang paling biasa ditemui ialah emas cotek (Ficus deltoidea) dan raja satun (Hydnophytum formicariuma). Tumbuhan ubatan epifit ini tidak bergantung kepada perumahnya untuk mendapatkan nutrien. Ianya menumpang sekadar untuk mendapatkan sokongan fizikal untuk mendapatkan cahaya matahari yang mencukupi. Tumbuhan ini mendapatkan bekalan air dan nutrien daripada bahan buangan yang terkumpul di dalam tumbuhan sokongan. Bagi sesetengah tumbuhan seperti raja satun atau sarang semut, akarnya merupakan habitat bagi serangga seperti semut. Dengan demikian, persekitaran akar adalah kaya dengan nutrien. <br />
Tumbuhan parasit pula merujuk kepada tumbuhan yang menjadikan perumahnya sebagai tempat untuk mendapatkan bekalan air dan nutrien. Dedalu adalah contoh tumbuhan parasit. Pokok dedalu mengeluarkan akar yang akan menyuntik ke dalam xilem perumah dan menyerap nutriennya. Dipercayai terdapat dedalu yang menjadi parasit kepada pokok-pokok tertentu boleh dijadikan ubatan yang lebih mujarab dibandingkan dengan yang di atas pokok-pokok lain. <br />
Kumpulan saprofit juga tidak kurang pentingnya di dalam rangkaian tumbuhan ubatan. Melalui rantaian makanan, mikroorganisma seperti kulat hidup bersumberkan bahan organik daripada pokok yang mati. Tumbuhan saprofit yang biasa diambil oleh pengamal tumbuhan ubatan Melayu ialah kulat susu rimau (Ganoderma lucidum).<br />
Pengaruh iklim mikro dan kesan simbiosis di antara tumbuhan perumah dengan tumbuhan ubatan juga penting dalam pengeluaran bahan ubatan daripada tanaman. Sebagai contoh, emas cotek ialah tumbuhan ubatan epifit yang ditemui tumbuh pada paras yang berbeza (sama ada pada ketinggian 10 meter dari paras laut atau di tanah tinggi). Kepelbagaian yang ditemui pada paras rendah di tepi pantai (paras laut) biasanya mempunyai daun yang menirus, struktur kanopi yang menegak dan mempunyai buah yang kecil. Sifat ini biasanya merujuk kepada emas cotek jantan. Emas cotek betina pula biasanya mempunyai daun yang besar, bulat, struktur ranting yang banyak dan padat serta buah yang lebih besar. Ciri-ciri tumbuhan yang begini hanya ditemui di paras yang lebih tingi, tumbuh di atas pokok atau di atas batu. Emas cotek betina dipercayai mempunyai nilai ubatan yang lebih baik. Kadang-kadang pemerhatian yang dilakukan mendapati tumbuhan ubatan emas cotek bersimbiosis dengan raja satun. Dipercayai nilai ubatannya lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan tumbuhan tersebut yang tumbuh berasingan. <br />
Jenis tanah adalah satu lagi faktor yang turut menentukan kewujudan sesuatu spesies tumbuhan ubatan. Tumbuhan ubatan seperti cucur atap (Brachea sp.) di dapati tumbuh di kawasan tanah berpasir seperti bris di persisiran pantai. Terdapat juga tumbuhan ubatan yang tumbuh secara semula jadinya di kawasan lembap dan berpaya. Antara tumbuhan tersebut ialah kacip fatimah, jeruju dan keladi senduk.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-91123504181264052232011-01-02T21:51:00.011+08:002011-01-18T15:04:39.810+08:00Teknologi Pengeluaran Tumbuhan Ubatan Bahagian 1 : Pendahuluan<meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 14"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 14"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/MUSA-YAACOB/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>578</o:Words> <o:characters>3300</o:Characters> <o:company>MARDI</o:Company> <o:lines>27</o:Lines> 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> </span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span lang="MS" >Mengikut satu kajian yang telah dibuat, Malaysia telah dikenal pasti sebagai salah satu pusat kepelbagaian genetik terbesar di dunia terutama sekali bagi tumbuhan hutan tropika.<span> </span>Adalah dianggarkan sebanyak 7,000 spesies tumbuhan peringkat tinggi <span> </span>(angiosperma) terdapat dalam hutan tropika Malaysia dan sebanyak 1,082 spesies telah dilaporkan mempunyai nilai perubatan.<span> </span>Jumlah ini termasuk golongan herba, pokok renek, pokok, tumbuhan<span> </span>memanjat, epifit dan parasit. Sehingga kini hanya sebahagian kecil yang telah dikaji secara saintifik dari segi botani, fitokimia dan kandungan bahan aktif. Kajian bagi tujuan di peringkat komersial masih belum dibuat walaupun secara tradisi tumbuh-tumbuhan ini telah digunakan semenjak turun temurun.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" > </span><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span lang="MS"><span> </span>Mengikut Burkhill dalam bukunya “</span><span>The Malay Village Medicine</span><span lang="MS"> “ yang diterbitkan dalam tahun 1930, lebih 1,000 spesies telah digunakan dalam perubatan Melayu.<span> </span>Dalam buku tersebut, <span> </span>beliau telah memberi secara ringkas tentang penggunaan spesies tersebut.<span> </span>Tumbuhan tersebut digunakan untuk pelbagai penyakit termasuk dalaman seperti penyakit yang berkaitan dengan sistem imuniti, sistem pernafasan, penghadaman, perkumuhan dan sistem pengedaran darah termasuk darah tinggi dan jantung. Sebahagian daripada tanaman-tanaman ini pula digunakan secara luaran seperti penyakit kulit, luka, gigitan serangga dan binatang berbisa.<span> </span>Ada juga yang digunakan untuk rawatan masalah tertentu seperti bagi mengatasi gangguan mental, menolak sihir, menghalau hantu syaitan dan penyegar semangat.<span> </span>Walau pun nama biasa dan juga nama saintifik turut diberi, kekeliruan masih wujud dalam pengecaman.<span> </span>Ini adalah disebabkan penggunaan nama biasa<span> </span>yang amat berbeza daripada satu tempat ke satu tempat. <span> </span>Bagi pengumpul yang tidak begitu mahir kekeliruan ini boleh memberi masalah kerana kesilapan penggunaan herba boleh memudaratkan kepada pengguna kerana sesetengah tumbuhan beracun.<span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="MS" >Sehubungan dengan itu, keterangan yang lebih lengkap tentang morfologi tumbuhan ini (termasuk sifat daun, pertumbuhan serta bunga dan buah) adalah sangat penting.<span> </span>Pemaparan gambar, yang meliputi sifat-sifat di atas, akan memudahkan lagi pengecaman tumbuhan.<span> </span>Bagi tujuan penanaman secara komersial, maklumat berkenaan dengan habitat semula jadi tumbuhan tersebut, yang meliputi keperluan teduhan, kelembapan tanah serta kaedah pembiakan bahan tanaman, perlu difahami dengan lebih mendalam. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="MS" >Beberapa aspek asas pengeluaran tanaman, termasuk sistem pengeluaran, kaedah penyediaan kawasan pengeluaran, pengeluaran bahan tanaman, amalan pembajaan, sistem pengairan dan amalan pengurusan musuh perosak yang bersesuaian juga diperlukan sebagai panduan. <span> </span>Selain daripada itu, panduan pengutipan hasil tumbuhan dan pengendalian lepas tuai serta kaedah penyimpanan juga tidak kurang pentingnya bagi memastikan khasiat tumbuhan berkenaan kekal sehingga bahan tersebut sedia untuk diproses bagi tujuan perubatan. <span> </span>Panduan ini merupakan panduan am sahaja dan maklumat lanjutan bagi setiap spesies yang ingin diusahakan diperlukan jika tumbuhan ini ingin diusahakan secara komersil.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="MS" >Pada masa ini kurang 10% daripada bahan mentah tumbuhan ubatan yang digunakan oleh pengamal perubatan tradisional diperoleh dari ladang yang ditanam secara komersial.<span> </span>Selebihnya ialah daripada hutan atau diimport dari luar negara.<span> </span>Jika amalan ini tidak dikawal dengan sempurna, sumber genetik yang ada di negara ini akan pupus satu hari nanti.<span> </span>Sehubungan dengan itu, beberapa pendekatan harus diambil oleh kerajaan dan badan bukan kerajaan (NGO) bagi menyedarkan masyarakat umum tentang kepentingan pengurusan sumber genetik yang teratur.<span> </span>Ini termasuk aktiviti pemuliharaan seperti pembangunan hutan simpandan taman botani.<span> </span>Penyimpanan sumber genetik juga boleh dibuat bukan dalam keadaan semula jadi seperti penyimpanan secara ex-situ seperti taman-taman herba dan taman etnobotani.</span></p><!--EndFragment--><p></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="MS" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:MS"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><!--EndFragment--></span><p></p><p></p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-70003201382957742352011-01-02T07:41:00.010+08:002011-01-18T15:02:14.272+08:00National Key Economic Areas (AGRICULTURE-Including Herbs)<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixqhmjrAy9YHEWDLcN1oMENv3-qWMGhSEcpSDl9Xf7OkEXVVah9O0f_SffMiqT9BRh0rGdl9yjhapk1bZXlxZ5ummxUejpoa6eDdkLjwB1UI8RzmjgFNXLWjzs0w1P_QFCwnnqR4EFStiV/s1600/P1020245.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixqhmjrAy9YHEWDLcN1oMENv3-qWMGhSEcpSDl9Xf7OkEXVVah9O0f_SffMiqT9BRh0rGdl9yjhapk1bZXlxZ5ummxUejpoa6eDdkLjwB1UI8RzmjgFNXLWjzs0w1P_QFCwnnqR4EFStiV/s320/P1020245.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5557556381638098594" /></a><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:2.25pt"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#D93F0B;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Where we are today</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language: EN-US">The agriculture sector plays an important role in Malaysia’s economic development—providing rural employment, uplifting rural incomes and ensuring national food security. Excluding industrial crops such as palm oil and rubber, the agriculture sector contributed RM20 billion or 4 percent of Malaysia’s GNI in 2009. Traditionally labelled as the poor man’s sector, the face of agriculture is slowly changing as entrepreneurs in diverse businesses like swiftlet nest ranching and large-scale paddy (rice) farmers are able to move up to Malaysia’s high-income group.</span><span style="font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:2.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#D93F0B;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Vision for the future</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">By 2020 agriculture will be transformed into agribusiness, moving towards a model that is inclusive but simultaneously anchored on market needs, economies of scale and value chain integration. Malaysia will focus on large global markets with high growth potential such as aquaculture and premium processed foods, while maintaining a strong presence in strategic sub-sectors such as paddy and livestock to ensure national food security. To do so, we will need to capitalise on natural resources while enhancing productivity and adopting a truly demand driven approach.</span><span style="font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:2.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#D93F0B;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Targets and aspirations</span><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The Agriculture NKEA is targeted to raise total GNI contribution by RM20 billion to reach RM49 billion by 2020. The NKEA will create an additional 75,000 jobs, mostly in rural areas, where we target to increase the incomes of farmers participating in our initiatives by two to four times.</span><span style="font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The NKEA plans to bridge this gap through 16 EPPs that catalyse the establishment of market-driven, industrial scale and integrated agriculture-related businesses along four themes.</span><span style="font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#003F5F;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">1</span></b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">—</span><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#003F5F;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Capitalising on Malaysia’s competitive advantage:</span></b><span style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; color:red;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">We aim to unlock value from Malaysia’s biodiversity, including developing our diverse natural herbs into premium herbal products,</span></b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> commercialising our unique native seaweed varieties, expanding swiftlet nest production, farming through integrated cage aquaculture systems and rearing cattle in oil palm estates.</span><span style="font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#003F5F;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">2</span></b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">—</span><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#003F5F;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Tapping premium markets:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> </span></b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">We will focus efforts on expanding production of premium grade fruit and vegetables and certified shrimps for export as well as developing premium processed foods and introducing a fragrant rice variety for non-irrigated areas.</span><span style="font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#003F5F;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">3</span></b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">—</span><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#003F5F;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Ensuring food security objectives are consistent with increasing GNI:</span></b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> The Government will ensure that food security objectives are met. As the population continues to grow, these EPPs will scale up and strengthen productivity of paddy farming and cattle ranching as well as establish local dairy clusters with the help of foreign players to help meet increasing demand.</span><span style="font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#003F5F;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">4</span></b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">—</span><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#003F5F;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Expanding participation in the regional value chain: </span></b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">We aim to expand our participation in the region by acquiring foreign firms, undertaking contract farming activities overseas and providing regional services in niche areas such as molecular marker discovery and validation for breeding.</span><span style="font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:2.25pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#D93F0B;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Enabling growth</span><span style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Achieving our aspirations will require cumulative funding of RM22 billion over the next 10 years with 62 percent coming from the private sector. Of the total public funding for capital, half will go towards upgrading irrigation in granary areas and the rest to develop critical infrastructure such as water intakes, roads and jetties.</span><span style="font-family:Times;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">In addition, five key enablers are required to support the implementation of the EPPs and business opportunities ranging from providing incentives for anchor companies (to transform from small-scale production-centric activities to a large-scale, market-centric approach) to strengthening adoption of good agricultural practices, making regulatory changes, strengthening logistics and ensuring a sufficient pipeline of human capital</span><span style="font-family: Times;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><!--EndFragment--></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-5947748663345987342011-01-02T07:21:00.004+08:002011-01-18T15:05:07.470+08:00461 Hectares To Cultivate Herbs In Terengganu<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOtAo5JIhtipdr6O7undEvnu7vrXVMlbHlEp8DP7Mk68gRcntJP5_EcN-qo7YPdIp_7ZrtG9hMzg1FxDLYQPuFOnH9OWOFuVnn4j0nP2gKfgHb6pL0aDehhIz2wQmsH_x1CYMc3qy0pGio/s1600/logo-ecer.gif"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 124px; height: 212px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOtAo5JIhtipdr6O7undEvnu7vrXVMlbHlEp8DP7Mk68gRcntJP5_EcN-qo7YPdIp_7ZrtG9hMzg1FxDLYQPuFOnH9OWOFuVnn4j0nP2gKfgHb6pL0aDehhIz2wQmsH_x1CYMc3qy0pGio/s320/logo-ecer.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5557364723167368354" /></a><br />
KUALA LUMPUR, Dec 21 (Bernama) -- The East Coast Economic Region Development Council (ECERDC) has received approval for Terengganu to develop a Herbal Cultivation Park on 461 hectares in Pasir Raja, Terengganu.<br />
The Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry, the lead ministry for the Agriculture National Key Economic Area (NKEA), today announced that the land would be used to cultivate seven types of herbs in high demand, namely Tongkat Ali, Kacip Fatimah, Misai Kucing, Dukung Anak, Hempedu Bumi, Agar wood and Lemon Mrytle.<br />
The Performance Management and Delivery Unit (Pemandu) said in a statement that Tongkat Ali was expected to bring the highest annual revenue, estimated at RM225,000 per hectare, followed by Dukung Anak, which is expected to bring an estimated RM136,500 per hectare annually.<br />
Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar said the global trade of natural products amounted to RM777 billion in 2006, and was projected to triple to over RM2 trillion by 2020.<br />
He said the project, which would create 285 jobs, was a crucial step to ensure the availability of a ready source of raw material as Malaysia moved up the value chain to become a leader in the production of nutraceuticals and botanical drugs.<br />
ECERDC is also planning to develop two additional herbal parks in Chegar Perah and Rantau Manis, which are expected to take off in 2011 and 2013, respectively.<br />
"The global demand for agriculture produce is expanding rapidly and there are many niches that Malaysia can exploit, given our natural advantages. We aim to double the agriculture sector’s contribution to the Gross National Income by expanding the production of high-value items and increasing the percentage of raw produce that is made into downstream products," Noh said.<br />
"Through better infrastructure, management techniques and technology, we also target to increase productivity to enable farmers participating in our projects to more than double the monthly income that they receive,” he added.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-71145161983486751642010-12-31T21:40:00.015+08:002011-01-18T15:02:41.245+08:00Health and Beauty From The Rainforests<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhdt6MPXOC8fGMRJiTqHX8eJ2933aKRAEHXgPiLbZ9Q1YBKdgVmHP85x3mMzrAp8T1l8CG54zV6_waG7eMrJiyfTxczQGpTIrK-h-FMhpvsjuOmqTLYsj2xHLPRXYDu-2xtitvg4MNsOgc/s1600/15542_1121353807751_1644264966_288466_3271646_n.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 250px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhdt6MPXOC8fGMRJiTqHX8eJ2933aKRAEHXgPiLbZ9Q1YBKdgVmHP85x3mMzrAp8T1l8CG54zV6_waG7eMrJiyfTxczQGpTIrK-h-FMhpvsjuOmqTLYsj2xHLPRXYDu-2xtitvg4MNsOgc/s320/15542_1121353807751_1644264966_288466_3271646_n.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556846514630357506" /></a><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span">Synopsis</span></b><br />
The concept of ramuan (meaning a “mix of ingredients” in Malay) is ingrained in the Malaysian mentality. Referring to the herbal mixtures that Malaysians regularly imbibe to promote health, beauty and balance in their daily lives, it can also refer to the mix of cultures that comprise modern-day Malaysia.<br />
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<div>It is this rich knowledge and culturally diverse system that the book covers in depth. It postulates that these ancient secrets, healing wisdoms, age-old recipes and health-giving practices, culled from 100 percent natural sources, are more relevant today than ever before. Indigenous, Malay, Chinese and Indian traditions that have adapted in Malaysia’s diverse rain forest environment are all showcased in depth, with a particular emphasis placed on women’s health. Assembled for the first time in one single collection and drawing on years of work by a team of Malaysian and international scholars, traditional healthcare practitioners and scientists. The book contains a plethora of new insights into natural ways to maintain health, vigour and radiance.<br />
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</div><div>In addition to historical and sociological assessments of the practices, there is also a long chapter on where to go to experience some of these age-old formulae. Increasingly finding their way into spas in Malaysia - be it a Malay-style spa, a Traditional Chinese Medicine practice, an Ayurvedic retreat or an establishment offering some or more or the above. it is an industry to watch out for. The book outlines what to expect in these spas what to look out for, where to go, what is special on the menu.<br />
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</div><div>Furthermore, the “box copy” that is liberally interspersed throughout the book will intrigue readers. Taking the form of individual explanations of key botanicals, historical anecdotes and stories, in-depth analyses of plant science, first-person accounts and more, they add colour and variety to what is already a rich and detailed book. Up-to-date statistics and what to expect in the future form the conclusion.<br />
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</div><div>The overall aim of any of Malaysia’s ramuan is the optimisation of mind, body and spirit: whether the experience is geared towards fitness, beauty, rejuvenation, longevity, relaxation and stress reduction or a combination thereof is irrelevant. It is thought that anybody interested in alternative health, natural products, spa treatments, the environment and ancient healing will benefit from the book. It is truly a treasure trove of valuable information and the time is right to share this with the world.<br />
Published by Biotropics Malaysia Bhd</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-7812284251921900182010-12-31T15:27:00.004+08:002011-01-18T15:05:29.409+08:00ECER Perluas industri Herba<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHfx3tZ2Yu-TvilCe_iB6DjQOHSnyY1VHChcrssED5isj3zmnM58d-oDiEugFb_q8HFpvl6q3-48_D9SwzdBO__razEnm3zTKZ9fC7aFySgnDw4QC7z48JmHZCTziXP-xAcpN8WHl7b5Q3/s1600/logo-ecer.gif"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 124px; height: 212px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHfx3tZ2Yu-TvilCe_iB6DjQOHSnyY1VHChcrssED5isj3zmnM58d-oDiEugFb_q8HFpvl6q3-48_D9SwzdBO__razEnm3zTKZ9fC7aFySgnDw4QC7z48JmHZCTziXP-xAcpN8WHl7b5Q3/s320/logo-ecer.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556745051063830786" /></a><br />
Taman herba yang dicadangkan di bawah Wilayah Ekonomi Pantai Timur (ECER) diyakini kena pada masanya. Ini kerana produk herba tidak lagi dikaitkan dengan kisah kebayan tetapi rahsia khazanah dalam hutan itu akan dihipotesis secara saintifik dan dikeluarkan secara moden. Potensi produk herba sebagai satu sumber ekonomi kini berkembang luas, khasnya digunakan sebagai makanan kesihatan, produk kosmetik dan kecantikan serta ubatubatan. Sebagai industri yang punya potensi besar, maka kerajaan merancang untuk meletakkannya pada satu peringkat yang lebih tinggi. Usaha kerajaan mengetengahkan bidang pertanian terutama sektor tanaman herba ini bakal Memberi pulangan berganda kepada ekonomi rakyat dan negara. Pada peringkat makro, industri herba yang sedang dimajukan di seluruh negara ini mampu meletakkan Malaysia sebagai hab herba yang paling unggul di dunia. Secara tidak langsung, ia turut menarik minat pakar-pakar dari luar negara menempatkan pusat penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D) herba mereka di negara ini. Kesan utama apabila kita majukan taman bioteknologi herba, ia dapat menjimatkan tukaran wang asing yang pada masa kini 90 peratus bahan mentah untuk industri produk herba masih bergantung dari China, Indonesia dan India. Nilai import itu pada 1996 sahaja mencecah RM264.7 juta. Faedah yang diterima oleh penduduk tempatan sudah tentu dari segi pendapatan tambahan apabila mereka menanam tumbuhan herba di sekitar rumah. Malah kaum wanita juga boleh melakukan kerja ini dari rumah sahaja. Hasil daripada usaha meningkatkan cara penanaman dan pengurusan tanaman herba ini, Ia mampu mewujudkan lebih ramai usahawan bumiputera. Pengusaha produk herba tempatan perlu mengambil peluang dari kemewahan khazanah rimba Malaysia untuk memastikan industri herba menjadi komoditi baru dalam negara. Malaysia mempunyai banyak kelebihan berbanding dengan negara-negara lain dalam perniagaan herba. Negara kita disenaraikan tangga ke-12 negara paling biodiverse di dunia dan yang keempat di Asia. Sebenarnya masih banyak ruang yang perlu diterokai dalam industri ini kerana Malaysia memiliki lebih 15,000 tumbuhan berbunga dan lebih 3,000 spesies tumbuhan perubatan tetapi hanya 50 sahaja yang digunakan. asaran produk herba mempunyai masa depan yang cerah untuk berkembang. Malah pasaran produk berasaskan herba pada masa ini terbuka luas. Berdasarkan laporan Bank Dunia, pasaran herba dijangka meningkat kepada AS$200 bilion (RM760 bilion) pada tahun 2008 dan mencecah AS$5 trilion (RM19 trilion) pada tahun 2050. Pasaran herba di Malaysia sahaja dianggarkan bernilai lebih RM4.55 bilion dengan kadar pertumbuhan tahunan kira-kira 15 – 20 peratus. Faktor utama yang mendorong Malaysia memberi tumpuan pada herba adalah kerana wujudnya trend masyarakat dunia yang mula mengutamakan produk berasaskan alam semula jadi berbanding produk-produk lain yang mengandungi bahan kimia. Kini perubatan berasaskan herba menjadi pilihan kerana ia didapati lebih selamat dan untuk itu para petani digesa mengusahakan tanaman herba kerana ia mempunyai pasaran dan permintaan yang lumayan. Dengan wujudnya Pusat Penyelidikan Bioteknologi Herba, Taman Teknologi Malaysia (TPM) di Raub, Pahang dan terbaru cadangan Taman Bioteknologi dan Herba Gua Musang di Kelantan, maka kedua-duanya harap menjadi pusat untuk menyediakan prasarana pemprosesan herba bagi tujuan komersial serta membantu usahawan. bioteknologi mendapatkan khidmat saintifik dan nasihat. Bagaimanapun Taman Bioteknologi dan Herba Gua Musang adalah antara salah satu projek baru yang dijalankan dalam peranca gan ECER. Ia akan dibina sebagai pusat kecemerlangan bagi ubat-ubatan alternatif dan organik. Taman ini terletak di kawasan 1,000 hektar dan di dalamnya termasuk taman satelit 50 hektar di Kuala Balah, Jeli. Ia diletakkan di bawah seliaan Lembaga Kemajuan Wilayah Kelantan Selatan (Kesedar) yang turut melibatkan kerjasama Felda, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan dan MARDI. Jika penduduk tempatan di ECER menyahut projek tanaman herba, barangkali tidak lama lagi seluruh dunia akan menggunakan produk berasaskan misai kucing, pegaga, roselle, halia, tongkat ali, serai, kesum, lengkuas, kunyit dan kemangi yang diperbuat dari Malaysia bersama logo ECER pada bungkusannya. Industri herba di negara ini boleh berjaya seperti produk ginseng di Korea Selatan yang terkenal dengan khasiat kesihatan apabila mampu memasarkannya di seluruh dunia. Dengan wujudnya taman bioteknologi herba dan ladang herba, rakyat yang bergantung sumber pendapatan dengan mencari herba di dalam hutan tidak perlu berbuat demikian lagi. Tumbuhan herba yang tumbuh di hutan Kelantan terutama di Gua Musang boleh ditanam secara ladang komersial. Dengan adanya pusat R&D di Gua Musang misalnya, kerajaan akan memberikan pendedahan dan pengetahuan kepada para petani mengenai kelebihan industri herba berpotensi tinggi. ECER adalah komitmen besar kerajaan dalam usaha meletakkan wilayah Pantai Timur setanding kawasan lain dari segi kemajuan dan taraf hidup masyarakatnya, golongan sasar terutama yang miskin tegar perlu menyahut seruan dan bersama dalam perubahan ini.<br />
Oleh AZMAN ANUAR (WARTAWAN UTUSAN)Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-74549979358040950862010-12-31T09:30:00.005+08:002011-01-18T15:00:28.450+08:00EPP1: Unlocking Value from Malaysia’s Biodiversity through High-Value Herbal Products (Proposal NKEA Agriculture)<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqvj8s-sssNI44FGHuqVaWe4YWODl4bcNFQvbGko_pvo0_WCRvSfz6E6hstE4MZJ2YI1aeuQntFleZC8Myyr2qa_AYOo-4S5YKKAM7t9pMdxAkr_91cgz55VrNpC69XT4pCgJZ8ItESoP1/s1600/Pemandu.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 317px; height: 67px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqvj8s-sssNI44FGHuqVaWe4YWODl4bcNFQvbGko_pvo0_WCRvSfz6E6hstE4MZJ2YI1aeuQntFleZC8Myyr2qa_AYOo-4S5YKKAM7t9pMdxAkr_91cgz55VrNpC69XT4pCgJZ8ItESoP1/s320/Pemandu.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556681050082815218" /></a><br />
Global trade of natural products, which amounted to RM777 billion in 2006, is projected to triple by 2020. The shift in healthcare, denoted by global growth in nutraceuticals, towards a preference for natural products with therapeutic value provides opportunities for Malaysia to become a significant global player, given our rich biodiversity. However, the majority of local products are largely in the low-end market segment such as fortified beverages. Diversification towards high-end herbal products based on standardised extracts and validated by clinical studies remains weak due to lack of industry champions, weaknesses in local R&D, large investment required for clinical studies and difficulty in penetrating international markets.<br />
Actions<br />
To address these issues and move up the value chain, six programmes will be implemented under a coordinated national project. The aim is to strengthen product quality and marketing efforts to penetrate global export markets for nutraceutical products and botanical drugs. Several popular Malaysian herbs have been identified as the focus, including Tongkat Ali, Kacip Fatimah and Misai Kucing.<br />
Establish four herbal centre of excellence clusters. Each centre will respectively lead R&D in discovery, crop production and agronomy, standardisation and product development and pre-clinical studies. The centres of excellence will be responsible for coordinating research amongst research institutions, establishing strategic research collaborations amongst domestic and international institutions, ensuring quality of research output and obtaining intellectual property rights on the research findings.<br />
Promote and market internationally a national brand as the identity of Malaysia’s healing and beauty tradition. Local herbal products will be exported under the umbrella brand. Government will work with foreign regulators to facilitate the registration of Malaysian herbal products in their markets. This will reduce the need for individual companies to invest in branding and product registration.<br />
Develop herbal cultivation parks in Durian Mentangau and Pasir Raja in Terengganu, Cegar Perah in Pahang and in Rantau Manis, Kelantan. This is to ensure adequate and consistent supply of raw materials. The parks will undertake herb cultivation at commercial scale based on a contract-farming model. Each 400-hectare park will allocate 40 percent of its land to be cultivated by more than 50 out-growers. The out-growers will benefit in terms of technical skills development, production quality assurance, secure off-take and income from the anchor company. It is anticipated that out-growers will have the potential earn RM3,000 per month.<br />
Expand extraction facilities. There are currently limited commercial-scale facilities; most are small or of pilot scale and not designed to operate commercially. New facilities will be built, each with a capacity of 1,000 kilograms per week to supply the industry with reliable, premium quality extracts at competitive cost.<br />
Enablers<br />
The Malaysian Herbal Development Council will be set up to be responsible for the end-to-end development of the herbal industry, including setting strategic directions and developing appropriate policies and regulations for the benefit and growth of the industry. The council will consist of members from both and private sectors and will enable coordination across 24 government, state authorities and private sector bodies currently involved in this sector. While the main EPP for herbal products focus on five popular herbs, two related business opportunities have been identified. There is potential to capture value from the development of other herbs. Funding will be provided to accelerate the commercialisation of new products that are based on these herbs. Local manufacturers will be supported to move up the value chain through the R&D support and marketing efforts. Additionally, the possibility of acquiring a foreign distributor with large distribution networks in strategic.<br />
markets such as the US, EU or China will be studied and pursued. This is to assist in overseas market penetration of Malaysian herbal products.<br />
Funding<br />
A dedicated herbal fund of RM533 million from public funding will be establish beginning from 2011which includes grants to support upstream research and funding of pre-commercialisation activities such as pre-clinical, product development and clinical studies. In addition public funding of RM69 million is needed for facilities upgrade and investment in the herbal park. The private investment in the herbal park and extraction facilities is estimated to be RM237 million. The total capital investment for this EPP is thus RM839 million.<br />
Impact<br />
The targetted GNI from this EPP is RM2.2 billion by 2020 from high-value products based on five core herbs. There will be a total of 1,800 jobs created with opportunities for 300 manufacturers to upgrade their services from mere trading and packaging to high-end manufacturing of innovative formulations as well as prospects for 1,500 rural farmers to move up the value chain into primary processing.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7222172179372820810.post-58912096931114938242010-12-31T09:14:00.004+08:002011-01-18T14:58:56.558+08:00National herb council to tap vast potential 2010/08/07 / By Ili Liyana Mokhtar<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu05iosZVOsJhUYk7oRVyvNO5YFxP3dNhVdsbqHps-nMEQ5KtaArPFMcJmIzVjvxMTAkajllGX5MiY1cWmF2qEQcS2NI2veNwDCs7l9pBEoWxF6nKax6z-7Y8Ast9HpKeMZzyWUIODr3ZV/s1600/Logo-MOA+Inc.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 175px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu05iosZVOsJhUYk7oRVyvNO5YFxP3dNhVdsbqHps-nMEQ5KtaArPFMcJmIzVjvxMTAkajllGX5MiY1cWmF2qEQcS2NI2veNwDCs7l9pBEoWxF6nKax6z-7Y8Ast9HpKeMZzyWUIODr3ZV/s320/Logo-MOA+Inc.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556692901765354642" /></a><br />
KUALA LUMPUR: A national herb council will be set up to enhance the growth of the herbal and biotechnology industry. Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar said local herbs could make Malaysia a centre for herbal product development and supplier of raw materials for industrial use.<br />
"We have more than 6,000 types of herbs with potential to be developed into traditional remedies for sale.<br />
"The council will be tasked with conducting research on these herbs besides ensuring that herbal products available in the market are of the highest standards," he said after launching bio-jantung, a herbal drink developed by Lincoln College chief executive officer Prof Datuk Dr Badaruddin Nordin.<br />
Noh said members of the council would consist of experts in various fields, including science, medicine and biology.<br />
"We are still in the early stages of setting up the council, but I hope that it will be up and running soon."<br />
Noh added that Malaysia had the potential and resources to be among leading global players in the herbal industry, but it was necessary to ensure that medicinal products developed from herbs conformed to physical and chemical standards.<br />
"The herbal industry should adopt an integrated approach which includes the application of modern scientific methods in the selection, cultivation and manufacture of proven herbal medicines. Only through such an approach can we transform the traditional trade into modern industrial practices."<br />
Read more: National herb council to tap vast potential http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/24herbs/Article#ixzz19eBXNygfAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16623457659115908136noreply@blogger.com0